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Leptoshpaeria schematic
Leptosphaeria rhodopsin (Mac) is a blue-green light-activated proton pump derived from the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans. Mac and its variants allow for inhibition of neurons using blue-green light.
Mac Variants. Mac variants have been engineered to include enhancements such as:
Improved photocurrent amplitude
Example: eMac3.0
😉👍🏻
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Gene Therapy and Light-Sensing Protein Restores Vision in Mice
Using gene therapy, a newly developed light-sensing protein called the MCO1 opsin restores vision in blind mice when attached to retina bipolar cells.
https://www.genengnews.com/news/gene-therapy-and-light-sensing-protein-restores-vision-in-mice/Notice: Undefined index: tg1tga_access in /home/admin/www/anonup.com/themes/default/apps/timeline/post.phtml on line 396
“Rigorous characterization of delivery efficacy by different doses of AAV2 carrying MCO1 (vMCO1) into targeted cells showed durable expression over 6 months after delivery as measured by reporter expression.
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COVID-19 Vaccine, AAVCOVID | Mass. Eye and Ear
Development of gene-based COVID-19 vaccine, AAVCOVID, underway at Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Massachusetts General Hospital.
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AAV1 is the optimal viral vector for optogenetic experiments in pigeons (Columba livia) | Communications Biology
Although optogenetics has revolutionized rodent neuroscience, it is still rarely used in other model organisms as the efficiencies of viral gene transfer differ between species and comprehensive viral transduction studies are rare. However, for comparative research, birds offer valuable model organi..
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As Blind as a Bat? Opsin Phylogenetics Illuminates the Evolution of Color Vision in Bats | Molecular Biology and Evolution | Oxford Academic
Abstract. Through their unique use of sophisticated laryngeal echolocation bats are considered sensory specialists amongst mammals and represent an excellent mo
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The quantum dot mechanism of action is strikingly simple. While in the retina, the nanoparticles are stimulated by visible light entering the eye – and if a quantum dot is stimulated while it is in close proximity to a neural cell, it triggers an action potential in that cell which is interpreted as vision by the brain. Thus, the effect of photovoltaically active nanoparticles diffused throughout the retina is to electrically stimulate a large range and number of neuro-retinal cells.
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1640s, "the having two opposite poles," originally of magnets, from polar + -ity. The sense of "variation in certain physical properties so that in one direction they are the opposite of what they are in the opposite direction" is from 1670s.
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An ionic bond is formed by the complete transfer of some electrons from one atom to another. The atom losing one or more electrons becomes a cation—a positively charged ion. The atom gaining one or more electron becomes an anion—a negatively charged ion.
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H
and 13
C
, although isotopes of many other elements can be studied by high-field NMR spectroscopy as well. In order to interact with the magnetic field in the spectrometer, the nucleus must have an intrinsic nuclear magnetic moment and angular momentum. This occurs when an isotope has a nonzero nuclear spin, meaning an odd number of protons and/or neutrons (see Isotope). Nuclides with even numbers of both have a total spin of zero and are therefore NMR-inactive.
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The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field B0.
The perturbation of this alignment of the nuclear spins by a weak oscillating magnetic field, usually referred to as a radio-frequency (RF) pulse. The oscillation frequency required for significant perturbation is dependent upon the static magnetic field (B0) and the nuclei of observation.
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NMR phenomena are also utilized in low-field NMR, NMR spectroscopy and MRI in the Earth's magnetic field (referred to as Earth's field NMR), and in several types of magnetometers.
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is generated by electric currents
due
to
the motion
of
convection
currents of
a mixture of
molten iron and nickel in Earth's outer core:
these convection currents are caused by heat
escaping from the
core"
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by a self-exciting dynamo process.
Electrical currents flowing in the slowly moving molten iron
generate the magnetic field.
?
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/ˌdɪvɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/
Origin
late Middle English: from Latin divinatio(n- ), from divinare ‘predict’ (see divine).
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/dʌɪ,di/
Origin
from Greek dis ‘twice’.
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Pronunciation
(UK, General Australian) IPA(key): /ˈfɛːɹəʊ/, /ˈfɛəɹəʊ/
Audio (UK)
(file)
(US) IPA(key): /ˈfæɹoʊ/, /ˈfɛ(ə)ɹoʊ/
Homophones: faro, Faroe
Noun
pharaoh (countable and uncountable, plural pharaohs)
(historical) The supreme ruler of Ancient Egypt; a formal address for the sovereign seat of power as personified by the 'king' in an institutional role of Horus son of Osiris; often used by metonymy for Ancient Egyptian sovereignty
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