(continued) If there is a discrepancy, be sure to ask the speaker if this is what is said, refrain from telling the speaker what was said. To tell rather than ask will lead to an unnecessary and unproductive discussion/argument. This is avoidable, all you have to do is ask the speaker to clarify, it is their responsibility to ensure that you (the listener) understands what they are attempting to convey. (2) Accept the evidence into the conversation and research the information to verify the validity of the claim.