by Y Mei · 2012 · Cited by 68 · Related articles
4 Apr 2012 — Both lentivirus and adeno- associated virus (AAV) vectors have been used to deliver optogenetic constructs into genetically ...

by KA McGuire · 2011 · Cited by 73 · Related articles
We demonstrate that ROS are produced within minutes of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection of macrophages and that oxidative stress supports ...

by G Bjørklund · 2020 · Cited by 25 · Related articles
5 Feb 2020 — Children with ASD diagnosis are considered more vulnerable to oxidative stress because of their imbalance in intracellular and ...

https://bmcneurosci.biomed...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

by EA Ferenczi · 2019 · Cited by 22 · Related articles
11 Sept 2019 — It is also possible to express optogenetic constructs in neonatal and adult primary ventricular cardiomyocytes using viral vector ...

Of the many viruses screened, adenovirus 36 has been found to be a strong candidate virus that is associated with obesity, based on evidence in various model systems as well as clinical data. The mechanism of how the adenovirus could lead to obesity is not known and this paper proposes some new insights into how oxidative stress could be a possible mechanism of how adenovirus might lead to obesity. This paper reviews the relevant literature of both the effect of adenovirus on cells' anti-oxidant response and the link between obesity and oxidative stress.

"Our results suggest that oxidative stress may be partly responsible for the toxicity of adenovirus transduction."

https://jvi.asm.org/conten...

https://www.sciencedirect....

"Concordantly, E1A sensitized cells to the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress and enhanced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in response to pro-oxidant challenge. These results demonstrate that expression of E1A impedes the cellular response to oxidative stress, including the induction of ferritin."

Research in Alzheimer disease has recently demonstrated compelling evidence on the importance of oxidative processes in its pathogenesis. Cellular changes show that oxidative stress is an event that precedes the appearance of the hallmark pathologies of the disease, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques.

A viral infection that involves virus invasion, protein synthesis, and virion assembly is typically accompanied by sharp fluctuations in the intracellular levels of metabolites. Under certain conditions, dramatic metabolic shifts can result in various types of cell death. Here, we review different types of adenovirus-induced cell death associated with changes in metabolic profiles of the infected cells.

As evidenced by experimental data, in most cases changes in the metabolome precede cell death rather than represent its consequence. In our previous study, the induction of autophagic cell death was observed following adenovirus-mediated lactate production, acetyl-CoA accumulation, and ATP release, while apoptosis was demonstrated to be modulated by alterations in acetate and asparagine metabolism.

On the other hand, adenovirus-induced ROS production and ATP depletion were demonstrated to play a significant role in the process of necrotic cell death. Interestingly, the accumulation of ceramide compounds was found to contribute to the induction of all the three types of cell death mentioned above. Eventually, the characterization of metabolite analysis could help in uncovering the molecular mechanism of adenovirus-mediated cell death induction and contribute to the development of efficacious oncolytic adenoviral vectors.

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Overexpression of antioxidant enzymes by gene therapy may protect tissues from oxidative damage. Because the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide can diffuse across cell membranes, we hypothesized that overexpression of the antioxidant catalase within certain cells might protect neighboring cells.

To test this hypothesis, we transduced retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro and in vivo with adenovirus carrying the catalase gene (Ad.CMV.catalase). After transduction of only a subset of RPE cells in vitro, all cells in the culture were protected from exogenous hydrogen peroxide. Similarly, in vivo, eyes injected with Ad.CMV.catalase had high catalase levels in the RPE, which protected the adjacent

photoreceptors from light damage and reduced photoreceptor oxidative stress

as measured by the markers 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine.

Opsins are a group of proteins made light- sensitive via the chromophore retinal (or a variant) found in photoreceptor cells of the retina.

Quantum effect

While in the retina, the nanoparticles are stimulated by visible light entering the eye – and if a quantum dot is stimulated while it is in close proximity to a neural cell, it triggers an action potential in that cell which is interpreted as vision by the brain.

by A Khatchadourian · 2009 · Cited by 46 · Related articles
Certain nanoparticles can induce lipid droplet formation under oxidative stress conditions.

by V Kumar · 2018 · Cited by 12 · Related articles
Many recently published reports have shown that nanoparticles impart oxidative stress and cellular damage in plant systems and in response, ...

Oxidative stress induced by engineered NP is due to acellular factors such as particle surface, size, composition, and presence of metals

Role of oxidative stress in nanoparticles toxicity
by M Horie · 2020 · Related articles
18 Dec 2020 — Various types of nanoparticles are known to induce oxidative stress by generating intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS).

ROS in apoptosis and cell survival. Disproportional increase in intracellular ROS can induce cancer cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis. This can be achieved with cancer chemotherapy, depletion of cells from antioxidant proteins or generation of ROS by immune cells.

Reactive oxygen species in cancer
by GY Liou · 2010 · Cited by 1968 · Related articles
Elevated rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been detected in almost all cancers, where they promote many aspects of tumor ...

Photosynthesis is a well-established source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. The photosynthetic electron transport chain (PET) operates in an aerobic environment; thus, regulatory systems are required to minimize ROS production.

Scientists have found that a virus can stimulate photosynthesis in bacterial hosts. The work, which was performed at the University of Kaiserslautern and Ruhr University Bochum was reported in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
26 Feb 2017

"a virus can stimulate photosynthesis in bacterial hosts."

Some bacteria are able to use a process called photosynthesis to convert energy from sunlight into another form of energy they can use to grow. Within the bacteria, structures known as photosystems are responsible for absorbing light and transferring the energy to other molecules.

God bless you all. 🙏🏻

"To be very specific, NPs either boost up the photosynthesis processes by improving LHC (Light Harvesting Complex) in plants or hinder their pathways by blocking ETC (Electron Transport Chain) and they affect photosynthetic rate by change in several genes and enzymes like Carbonic anhydrase, RUBISCO and PEP caboxylase."

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are capable of converting near-infra-red excitation into visible and ultraviolet emission. Their unique optical properties have advanced a broad range of applications, such as fluorescent microscopy, deep-tissue bioimaging, nanomedicine, optogenetics, security labelling and volumetric display.

However, the constraint of concentration quenching on upconversion luminescence has hampered the nanoscience community to develop bright UCNPs with a large number of dopants. This review surveys recent advances in developing highly doped UCNPs, highlights the strategies that bypass the concentration quenching effect, and discusses new optical properties as well as emerging applications enabled by these nanoparticles.

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are a unique class of optical nanomaterials doped with lanthanide ions featuring a wealth of electronic transitions within the 4f electron shells. These nanoparticles can up-convert two or more lower-energy photons into one high-energy photon1,2,3.

Lambda switching (sometimes called photonic switching, or wavelength switching) is the technology used in optical networking to switch individual wavelengths of light onto separate paths for specific routing of information.

In the 1980s, Nobel laureate Francis Crick suggested that light might have the right stuff for controlling neurons of different types, thanks to its ability to provide timed pulses with millisecond temporal precision. However, light penetrates only a few hundred microns into the surface of the brain, scattering without affecting signaling. The challenge became: How can we get the brain to respond to light? This question gave rise to the field of optogenetics, and the emerging idea of replacing electrical stimulation with a combination of optics and genetic modification.

In just over a decade, the discovery of numerous opsins with different specializations has allowed scientists and engineers to make rapid progress in mapping brain activity.

In the early 2000s, researchers Edward Boyden and Karl Deisseroth at Stanford University, USA, approached the problem by attempting to genetically encode brain cells with photosensitive properties. In 2004, they successfully confirmed that the opsin called channelrhodopsin, a microbial photosensitive protein derived from algae, could be transduced into neurons to control their electrical signaling, turning them on by opening neuronal ion channels in response to pulses of blue light.

@themac - I love the level of research that you have put into this thread. I would love to know what prompted you to include all these specific sources. I think I missed part of the thread. I am a biologist and am curious about your theories.

@themac I haven't researched as you have but based on my experiences teaching biology and biotechnology, I have chosen not to take this experimental vaccine. Have I been vaccinated before, of course, but the use of RNA in a vaccine troubles me. If we consider the mechanisms of gene regulation in cells, RNA molecules act in so many ways to alter gene expression. Most viruses have RNA as their genome and have developed so many tricks to incorporate their genetic material into the host's genome or take over the host's cellular machinery to replicate the viral particles. Whole families of ncRNAs or miRNAs exist that can silence gene expression through RNA interference or other regulatory actions. I look forward to reading more closely the references that you supplied. Molecular genetics and manipulation techniques are expanding rapidly in our current age. I want to discuss the nanoparticles more with you when I get caught up to speed.

Just found out that one of the ingredients of the vaccine listed on the package insert is the hormone HCG. If you don't know, HCG is the naturally occurring hormone produced by a WOMAN'S body when she becomes pregnant which makes it so a woman can't get pregnant again once she becomes pregnant; it stops ovulation until she gives birth and CAN continue being produced as long as she's breastfeeding.
We *know* that pregnant women who choose to take this NON-Vaccine are miscarrying in record numbers!
This hormone is also why the original release of the info on this TOXIN that there was a SEVENTY PERCENT RATE of STERILIZATION!
That's the ONLY REASON that this substance would be placed into this mRNA-carrying substance!
We *know* that injecting hormones into the ELDERLY human body can have devastating consequences!
The deaths from this poisonous cocktail are being grossly under-reported and misrepresented!
Gates' and the Cabal's ultimate goal is DEPOPULATION!

Loved this reply. 🙏🏻

The third trimester is the least accurate time to date a pregnancy. Estimates based on an ultrasound can be off by as much as three weeks, so doctors rarely adjust dates during the third trimester.

Conclusion: This study shows a significant correlation between hCG and fetal sex at third trimester of gestation only, possibly caused by a gender factor and a shift in synthesis and/or in metabolism of hCG from the second to the third trimester.

Studies have shown hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin, the hormone responsible for the second line appearing on a home pregnancy test) is higher for female fetuses compared with males, and remains higher throughout pregnancy.

There are various preparations of gonadotropins for therapeutic use, mainly as fertility medication.

Another human gonadotropin is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), produced by the placenta during pregnancy.

Gonadotropin receptors are embedded in the surface of the target cell membranes and coupled to the G-protein system. Signals triggered by binding to the receptor are relayed within the cells by the cyclic AMP second messenger system.

G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). When they are bound to GTP, they are 'on', and, when they are bound to GDP, they are 'off'. G proteins belong to the larger group of enzymes called GTPases.

The G protein activates a cascade of further signaling events that finally results in a change in cell function. G protein-coupled receptor and G proteins working together transmit signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors. G proteins regulate metabolic enzymes, ion channels, transporter proteins, and other parts of the cell machinery, controlling transcription, motility, contractility, and secretion, which in turn regulate diverse systemic functions such as embryonic development, learning and memory, and homeostasis.

G proteins were discovered when Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell investigated stimulation of cells by adrenaline. They found that when adrenaline binds to a receptor, the receptor does not stimulate enzymes (inside the cell) directly. Instead, the receptor stimulates a G protein, which then stimulates an enzyme. An example is adenylate cyclase, which produces the second messenger cyclic AMP. For this discovery, they won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Nobel prizes have been awarded for many aspects of signaling by G proteins and GPCRs. These include receptor antagonists, neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter reuptake, G protein-coupled receptors, G proteins, second messengers, the enzymes that trigger protein phosphorylation in response to cAMP, and consequent metabolic processes such as glycogenolysis.

Since cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been implicated in various disorders but not restricted to the roles given below:

Some research has suggested that a deregulation of cAMP pathways and an aberrant activation of cAMP-controlled genes is linked to the growth of some cancers.

Recent research suggests that cAMP affects the function of higher-order thinking in the prefrontal cortex through its regulation of ion channels called hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN). When cAMP stimulates the HCN, the channels open, closing the brain cell to communication and thus interfering with the function of the prefrontal cortex. This research, especially the cognitive deficits in age-related illnesses and ADHD, is of interest to researchers studying the brain

cAMP is a neuropeptide involved in activation of trigeminocervical system leading to neurogenic inflammation and causing migraine.

cAMP-dependent pathway is necessary for many living organisms and life processes. Many different cell responses are mediated by cAMP; these include increase in heart rate, cortisol secretion, and breakdown of glycogen and fat. cAMP is essential for the maintenance of memory in the brain, relaxation in the heart, and water absorbed in the kidney.

This pathway can activate enzymes and regulate gene expression. The activation of preexisting enzymes is a much faster process, whereas regulation of gene expression is much longer and can take up to hours. The cAMP pathway is studied through loss of function (inhibition) and gain of function (increase) of cAMP.

If cAMP-dependent pathway is not controlled, it can ultimately lead to hyper-proliferation, which may contribute to the development and/or progression of cancer.

by ER Ballister · 2018 · Cited by 9 · Related articles
16 Jan 2018 — Selecting the opsin with the best balance of activity and ... Importantly, these opsins stimulated cAMP in response to a light pulse ...

Opsins are a group of proteins made light- sensitive via the chromophore retinal (or a ... Jellyfish opsins in the rhopalia couple to Gs- proteins raising the intracellular cAMP level.