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In 2020, 3.9 million British nationals were born outside of the UK.

QDs are geometrical structures of semiconductor crystals.

A subclass of QDs are the optically active quantum dots (OAQDs), representing only those QDs that can interact with light quanta (photons).

quantum
/ˈkwɒntəm/
plural noun: quanta

1.
PHYSICS
a discrete quantity of energy proportional in magnitude to the frequency of the radiation it represents.

an analogous discrete amount of any other physical quantity, such as momentum or electric charge.

Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles.[2]: 1.1  It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.

Bond dipole: The partial charges assigned to bonded atoms due to differences in electron density caused by electronegativity, inductive effects, and other factors. Indicated with δ+ and δ- and/or the arrow symbol.

Solid lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (SLPN) are nanocarriers made from a combination of polymers and lipids, integrating the advantages of biocompatible lipid-based nanoparticles and gastrointestinal (GI)-stable polymeric nanoparticles.

Dissociation is a way the mind copes with too much stress.

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress from oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by the ROS generated, e.g., O2− (superoxide radical), OH (hydroxyl radical) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).[1] Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling.

Multiple personality disorder is the former name for what is now known as dissociative identity disorder (DID). It is characterized by a disruption in memory, self-awareness, identity, or perception.

It has been widely reported that intense oxidative stress-related processes in the brain are one of the main causal factors involved in the impairment in cognitive functions through two critical changes in the brain. First, a decrease in neurotransmitters, essential for memory and learning functions, for example, acetylcholine (ACh), as well as a decrease in level of natural antioxidants in the brain by activating microglia, a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been reported. The formation of ROS and other free radicals during metabolism is an important and normal process that is ideally compensated by an elaborate endogenous antioxidant system. However, excessive radical production and their accumulation result in oxidative stress, which has been implicated in mechanisms responsible for oxidative injury of neurons by causing damage of cell structures, including lipids, membranes, and proteins. The central nervous system (CNS) is very susceptible to oxidative stress

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in nanotoxicity. Various types of nanoparticles are known to induce oxidative stress by generating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cellular uptake of nanoparticles and intracellular metal ion release are important factors for intracellular ROS generation.

In virology. In 1935 tobacco mosaic virus became the first virus to be crystallized; in 1955 the poliomyelitis virus was crystallized. (A virus “crystal” consists of several thousand viruses and, because of its purity, is well suited for chemical studies.)