In many strengthened steels, the creep rate increases abruptly after a certain period and the sample fractures. This so-called time-to-rupture depends on the amount of carbon in the steel. By adding just 0.002% carbon to martensitic steel that already contains 9% chromium, Sawada and colleagues were able to increase the time-to-rupture at 923 Kelvin by a factor of 100 over the strongest creep-resistant steel currently available (which contains about 0.08% carbon).

Using transmission electron microscopy, the Tsukuba team observed that its sample contained a large number of fine particles, between 5 and 10 nanometres in size. In contrast, conventional strengthened steels contain much larger particles, typically 100 to 300 nanometres across. The small particles consist of metal alloyed with either carbon or nitrogen and they are found ‘linked up’ in vulnerable regions such as grain boundaries and other boundaries. These links strengthen the steel.