Molecules encapsulated in liposomes are better absorbed in skin, compared to conventional formulations.

Would be crazy if they can vaccinate is through our skin via parasites!

Magnetotactic bacteria usually mineralize either iron oxide magnetosomes, which contain crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4), or iron sulfide magnetosomes, which contain crystals of greigite (Fe3S4). Several other iron sulfide minerals have also been identified in iron sulfide magnetosomes—including mackinawite (tetragonal FeS) and a cubic FeS—which are thought to be precursors of Fe3S4. One type of magnetotactic bacterium present at the oxic-anoxic transition zone (OATZ) of the southern basin of the Pettaquamscutt River Estuary, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States is known to produce both iron oxide and iron sulfide magnetosomes.

The lipid coating is what they are utilizing for everything!

The word liposome derives from two Greek words: lipo ("fat") and soma ("body"); it is so named because its composition is primarily of phospholipid. Liposomes were first described by British haematologist Alec Douglas Bangham in 1961 (published 1964), at the Babraham Institute, in Cambridge.

Everything is connected! ❤️

🙂

Liposome-quantum dot hybrids: lipid bilayer-embedded hydrophobic QD vesicles loaded with doxorubicin. (A) Schematic depiction of hybrids; (B) cryo-transmission electron microscopy; (C) atomic force microscopy (3D images) of empty liposomes, L-QD hybrids, and L-QD-Dox hybrids (left to right). (D) Serum stability of L-QD-Dox hybrids incubated in 50% mouse serum. QD were embedded in EPC:Chol:DSPE-PEG2000 and DSPC:Chol:DSPE-PEG2000 liposomes. Dox was loaded using the pH-gradient technique and Dox release was assessed by measuring Dox fluorescence. (E) Cytotoxicity of L-QD-Dox hybrids. MCF-7 cells were incubated with free Dox, L-QD-Dox, and L-QD hybrids, and cell viability was assessed using MTT assay. Reprinted with permission from [103], W. T. Al-Jamal and K. Kostarelos, Liposomes: From a clinically established drug delivery system to a nanoparticle platform for theranostic nanomedicine.

FIG. 1. Illustration of a WGM cavity excited by frustrated total internal reflection at a prism surface. The initial excitation is in the clockwise (CW) direction. Addition of plasmonic gold nanoparticles introduces coupling into the counterclockwise (CCW) direction, resulting in standing wave modes (SWMs) with non-degenerate eigen frequencies. Small biomolecules interacting with the gold surface introduce shifts in the WGM resonance frequency and change the frequency splitting of the SWMs

Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) on nanotopographic solid substrates. (a) Top: schemes illustrate the structures of lipid bilayers in the presence of silica nanoparticles with varying size.

Bottom: corresponding atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of upper schemes.16 (b) Top: cryo-transmission electron microscope images from mixtures of silica particles and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DOPS) (4:1) small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), quickly frozen after a 1-min incubation time. Most particles present one or two patches of lipid bilayer at their interfaces (black arrows). Few particles present the adsorbed, unruptured vesicles at their surface (white asterisks). Bottom: SLBs formed with SUVs containing neutral lipids only (DOPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and L-α-dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC)) and a high concentration of negatively charged lipids (DOPC/DOPS, 1:1). The scale bars are 50 nm.18