The Mac on AnonUp.com

11 December, 12:33

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:41

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:44

In response The Mac to his Publication

The White House BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies), is a collaborative, public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration on April 2, 2013, with the goal of supporting the development and application of innovative technologies that can create a dynamic understanding of brain function.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:46

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:46

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:50

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:51

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:51

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:52

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 12:55

In response The Mac to his Publication

"Burwell noted U.S. and Chinese scientists have also worked together to help stop the spread of SARS"

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:01

In response The Mac to his Publication

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) (also referred to as multielectrode arrays) are devices that contain multiple (tens to thousands) microelectrodes through which neural signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces that connect neurons to electronic circuitry. There are two general classes of MEAs: implantable MEAs, used in vivo, and non-implantable MEAs, used in vitro.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:03

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:06

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:07

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:10

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:13

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:15

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:16

In response The Mac to his Publication

As noted by Richard Feynman in his famous talk in 1959, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," there are many potential applications of machines at smaller and smaller sizes; by building and controlling devices at smaller scales, all technology benefits. The expected benefits include greater efficiencies and reduced size, decreased power consumption and lower costs of production in electromechanical systems.[2]

In 1960, Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs fabricated the first MOSFET with a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm.[3

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:19

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:26

In response The Mac to his Publication

Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles.[2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:28

In response The Mac to his Publication

In many aspects modern technology operates at a scale where quantum effects are significant. Important applications of quantum theory include quantum chemistry, quantum optics, quantum computing, superconducting magnets, light-emitting diodes, the optical amplifier and the laser, the transistor and semiconductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and electron microscopy.[32] Explanations for many biological and physical phenomena are rooted in the nature of the chemical bond, most notably the macro-molecule DNA.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:33

In response The Mac to his Publication

A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor, such as metallic copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistivity falls as its temperature rises; metals behave in the opposite way. Its conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure. When two differently doped regions exist in the same crystal, a semiconductor junction is created.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:34

In response The Mac to his Publication

A dopant, also called a doping agent, is a trace of impurity element that is introduced into a chemical material to alter its original electrical or optical properties. The amount of dopant necessary to cause changes is typically very low. When doped into crystalline substances, the dopant's atoms get incorporated into its crystal lattice. The crystalline materials are frequently either crystals of a semiconductor such as silicon and germanium for use in solid-state electronics, or transparent crystals for use in the production of various laser types; however, in some cases of the latter, noncrystalline substances such as glass can also be doped with impurities.

In solid-state electronics using the proper types and amounts of dopants in semiconductors is what produces the p-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors that are essential for making transistors and diodes.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:36

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:37

In response The Mac to his Publication

The process of transformation of viral components into organized solid particles is known as crystallization. The inactive form of the virus can be changed into crystals and it includes a large number of viral particles.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:41

In response The Mac to his Publication

crystallize
/ˈkrɪst(ə)lʌɪz/

verb
gerund or present participle: crystallizing
1.
form or cause to form crystals.

"when most liquids freeze they crystallize"
Similar:
form crystals
solidify
harden

2.
make or become definite and clear.

"vague feelings of unrest crystallized into something more concrete"

become clear
become definite
take shape
emerge
form
materialize
gel

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:43

In response The Mac to his Publication

The behavior of quantum dots (QDs) in solution and their interaction with other surfaces is of great importance to biological and industrial applications, such as optical displays, animal tagging, anti-counterfeiting dyes and paints, chemical sensing, and fluorescent tagging. However, unmodified quantum dots tend to be hydrophobic, which precludes their use in stable, water-based colloids.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:44

In response The Mac to his Publication

Furthermore, because the ratio of surface area to volume in a quantum dot is much higher than for larger particles, the thermodynamic free energy associated with dangling bonds on the surface is sufficient to impede the quantum confinement of excitons. Once solubilized by encapsulation in either a hydrophobic interior micelle or a hydrophilic exterior micelle, the QDs can be successfully introduced into an aqueous medium, in which they form an extended hydrogel network. In this form, quantum dots can be utilized in several applications that benefit from their unique properties, such as medical imaging and thermal destruction of malignant cancers.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:47

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 01:47

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:05

In response The Mac to his Publication

It was found that semiconductor quantum dots produce free radicals upon UV irradiation in aqueous solution with two independent methods

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:06

In response The Mac to his Publication

Free radicals are associated with human disease, including cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and many others.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:08

In response The Mac to his Publication

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in your body. Free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons. The uneven number allows them to easily react with other molecules.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:09

In response The Mac to his Publication

Free radicals are produced in cells by cellular metabolism and by exogenous agents. These species react with biomolecules in cells, including DNA. The resulting damage to DNA, which is also called oxidative damage to DNA, is implicated in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and aging.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:10

In response The Mac to his Publication

Mutagenesis is the process by which an organism's deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) change, resulting in a gene mutation. A mutation is a permanent and heritable change in genetic material, which can result in altered protein function and phenotypic changes.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:11

In response The Mac to his Publication

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule similar to DNA. Unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:12

In response The Mac to his Publication

An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:13

In response The Mac to his Publication

Detection and imaging RNAs in live cells is in high demand. Methodology for such a purpose is still a challenge, particularly for single RNA detection and imaging in live cells. In this study, a type of quantum dot (QD) nanobeacon with controllable valencies was constructed by precisely conjugating the black hole quencher (BHQ1) and phosphorothioate comodified DNA onto CdTe:Zn2+ QDs via a one-pot hydrothermal method. The nanobeacon with only one conjugated DNA was used to label and detect low-abundance nucleic acids in live cells, and single HIV-1 RNAs were detected and imaged in live HIV-1 integrated cells. Additionally, QD nanobeacon-labeled HIV-1 genomic RNAs were encapsulated in progeny viral particles, which can be used to track the uncoating process of single viruses. The current study provides a platform for nucleic acid labeling and imaging with high sensitivity, being especially meaningful for tracking of individual RNAs in live cells.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:14

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:16

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:18

In response The Mac to his Publication

Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:20

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:22

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://www.google.co.uk/a...

Quantum Dots - Who Controls the Patents on Quantum Dots?

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:24

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:26

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:28

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:29

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:31

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:32

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:32

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:37

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:39

In response The Mac to his Publication

Before Citigroup, Parsons headed AOL Time Warner, where he helped pull off what is widely considered the single worst business deal in corporate American history: a fraud-rife merger that wiped out $200 billion in shareholder value, ruined employees, retirees and investors, sparked numerous criminal investigations and dozens of lawsuits, and yet somehow managed to enrich a tiny handful of executives—including Dick Parsons—to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:43

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:49

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:53

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:54

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:55

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 02:57

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://youtu.be/Sc1NxfmtO...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:10

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:12

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:13

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:15

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:24

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:25

In response The Mac to his Publication

Photoluminescence (PL) blinking, a key process that governs the emission efficiency of the PQD materials, is investigated in detail by the time-resolved spectroscopic measurements of individual dots.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:28

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:32

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:35

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:36

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:37

In response The Mac to his Publication

Photonic molecules offer advantages over isolated photonic atoms in a variety of applications, including bio(chemical) sensing, cavity optomechanics, and microlasers, Photonic molecules can also be used as quantum simulators of many-body physics and as building blocks of future optical quantum information processing networks.

In complete analogy, clusters of metal nanoparticles - which support confined surface plasmon states - have been termed ‘plasmonic molecules.”

Finally, hybrid photonic-plasmonic (or opto-plasmonic) molecules have also been proposed and demonstrated.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:39

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:41

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:42

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:48

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:50

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:51

In response The Mac to his Publication

Exposure to crystal- line silica is well known in industry to cause silicosis, a fibrotic lung disease; it may also be a cause of lung cancer in some workers who have developed silicosis (Interna- tional Agency for Research on Cancer 1997). If present, it is the most potentially toxic mineral in volcanic ash.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:53

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:54

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:56

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 03:58

In response The Mac to his Publication

Mist is a phenomenon caused by small droplets of water suspended in air. Physically, it is an example of a dispersion. It is most commonly seen where warm, moist air meets sudden cooling, such as in exhaled air in the winter, or when throwing water onto the hot stove of a sauna. It can be created artificially with aerosol canisters if the humidity and temperature conditions are right. It can also occur as part of natural weather, when humid air cools rapidly, notably when the air comes into contact with surfaces that are much cooler than the air.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:00

In response The Mac to his Publication

Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles. It comprises a can or bottle that contains a payload, and a propellant under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the payload is forced out of a small opening and emerges as an aerosol or mist.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:01

In response The Mac to his Publication

Nanoparticles are of wide interest due to their potential use for diverse commercial applications. Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals possessing unique optical and electrical properties. Although quantum dots are commonly made of cadmium, a metal known to have neurological effects, potential transport of quantum dots directly to the brain has not been assessed.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:02

In response The Mac to his Publication

This study evaluated whether quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals) could be transported from the olfactory tract to the brain via inhalation. Adult C57BL/6 mice were exposed to an aerosol of quantum dots for one hour via nasal inhalation, and nanoparticles were detected three hours post-exposure within the olfactory tract and olfactory bulb by a wide range of techniques, including visualization via fluorescent and transmission electron microscopy. We conclude that following short-term inhalation of solid quantum dot nanoparticles, there is rapid olfactory uptake and axonal transport to the brain/olfactory bulb with observed activation of microglial cells, indicating a pro-inflammatory response. To our knowledge, this is the first study to clearly demonstrate that quantum dots can be rapidly transported from the nose to the brain by olfactory uptake via axonal transport following inhalation.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:05

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:07

In response The Mac to his Publication

Inhalation is an important route of exposure because not only can nanoparticles (particles that are < 100 nm in any one dimension) reach the circulation from the lungs, but they can also potentially reach the brain via the olfactory nerves. The anatomy of the olfactory system puts the central nervous system in direct contact with the external environment via olfactory nerves, a cranial nerve, connecting olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb in the CNS (Fig. 1) (Kovacs 2004).

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:07

In response The Mac to his Publication

Previous studies of solid nanosized particles, such as silver-coated gold colloids, have been shown to translocate along the olfactory nerve axons. Elemental carbon particles (13C; 35 nm) have also been shown to accumulate in rat olfactory bulb after whole body inhalation (Aschner 2009, De Lorenzo 1970, Elder et al. 2006, Oberdorster et al. 2004). Recently, Patel et al. (2011) confirmed the presence of risperidone (an antipsychotic medication) in the mouse brain by gamma scintigraphy following intranasal administration of risperidone-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. These studies demonstrate an end result of nose to brain transport of solid nanoparticles that indicate the potential for other nanoparticles, such as QD, to transport to the brain by the same pathway following inhalation.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:08

In response The Mac to his Publication

"gold colloids, have been shown to translocate along the olfactory nerve axons."

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:16

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:18

In response The Mac to his Publication

Solid-phase RT-PCR applications with Dynabeads Oligo (dT)25 allow the reproducible isolation and detection of low-abundance cDNA sequences from small cell and tissue samples. The reusable properties of the beads reduce reagent cost and provide large amounts of target cDNAs for downstream applications. Magnetic separation of pure target mRNA/cDNA sequences eliminates labor-intensive precipitation and extraction steps and provides mRNA/cDNA sequences absent of contamination.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:25

In response The Mac to his Publication

Magnetic separation is the process of separating components of mixtures by using a magnet to attract magnetic materials.[1] The process that is used for magnetic separation separates non-magnetic materials from those that are magnetic. This technique is useful for the select few minerals which are ferromagnetic (iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-containing minerals) and paramagnetic.[2] most metals, including gold, silver and aluminum are nonmagnetic.

A large diversity of mechanical means are used to separate magnetic materials.[2] During magnetic separation, magnets are situated inside two separator drums which bear liquids. Due to the magnets, magnetic particles are being drifted by the movement of the drums. This can create a magnetic concentrate (e.g. an ore concentrate).[2]

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:28

In response The Mac to his Publication

Paramagnetic Materials: These are metals that are weakly attracted to magnets. They include aluminum, gold, and copper.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:31

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://www.sciencedirect....

Photoluminescent and superparamagnetic reduced graphene oxide–iron oxide quantum dots for dual-modality imaging, drug delivery and photothermal therapy - Scienc..

Reduced graphene oxide–iron oxide quantum dots (QDs) with intrinsic photoluminescent and superparamagnetic properties were synthesized through a green…

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000862231530018X

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:33

In response The Mac to his Publication

An account is given of the various processes of electron spin relaxation concerned in establishing thermal equilibrium in dielectric crystals containing paramagnetic ions of the transition elements. The discussion is illustrated by reference to the experimental results, and includes some consideration of the possible role of impurities in those cases where the observed relaxation has had no ready explanation in terms of accepted mechanisms.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:35

In response The Mac to his Publication

In electromagnetism, a dielectric (or dielectric material or dielectric medium) is an electrical insulator that can be polarised by an applied electric field.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:35

In response The Mac to his Publication

When a dielectric material is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in an electrical conductor, because they have no loosely bound, or free, electrons that may drift through the material, but instead they shift, only slightly, from their average equilibrium positions, causing dielectric polarisation. Because of dielectric polarisation, positive charges are displaced in the direction of the field and negative charges shift in the direction opposite to the field (for example, if the field is moving parallel to the positive x axis, the negative charges will shift in the negative x direction). This creates an internal electric field that reduces the overall field within the dielectric itself. If a dielectric is composed of weakly bonded molecules, those molecules not only become polarised, but also reorient so that their symmetry axes align to the field.[1]

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:41

In response The Mac to his Publication

Dielectric nanoparticles having relatively high dielectric loss factor were chosen due to the abundance of bound surface charges which exist at the surface. In this research, zinc oxide, ZnO and aluminium oxide, Al2O3 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol–gel method.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:42

In response The Mac to his Publication

In materials science, the sol–gel process is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules. The method is used for the fabrication of metal oxides, especially the oxides of silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti). The process involves conversion of monomers into a colloidal solution (sol) that acts as the precursor for an integrated network (or gel) of either discrete particles or network polymers. Typical precursors are metal alkoxides.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:44

In response The Mac to his Publication

In this chemical procedure, a "sol" (a colloidal solution) is formed that then gradually evolves towards the formation of a gel-like diphasic system containing both a liquid phase and solid phase whose morphologies range from discrete particles to continuous polymer networks. In the case of the colloid, the volume fraction of particles (or particle density) may be so low that a significant amount of fluid may need to be removed initially for the gel-like properties to be recognized. This can be accomplished in any number of ways. The simplest method is to allow time for sedimentation to occur, and then pour off the remaining liquid. Centrifugation can also be used to accelerate the process of phase separation.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:46

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:48

In response The Mac to his Publication

A SINTERING

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:52

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:54

In response The Mac to his Publication

Spark plasma sintering (SPS),[1] also known as field assisted sintering technique (FAST)[2] or pulsed electric current sintering (PECS), or Plasma Pressure Compaction (P2C)[3] is a sintering technique.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:55

In response The Mac to his Publication

The main characteristic of SPS is that the pulsed or unpulsed DC or AC current directly passes through the graphite die, as well as the powder compact, in case of conductive samples. Joule heating has been found to play a dominant role in the densification of powder compacts, which results in achieving near theoretical density at lower sintering temperature compared to conventional sintering techniques.[4]

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:55

In response The Mac to his Publication

The heat generation is internal, in contrast to the conventional hot pressing, where the heat is provided by external heating elements. This facilitates a very high heating or cooling rate (up to 1000 K/min), hence the sintering process generally is very fast (within a few minutes). The general speed of the process ensures it has the potential of densifying powders with nanosize or nanostructure while avoiding coarsening which accompanies standard densification routes.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:56

In response The Mac to his Publication

This has made SPS a good method for preparation of ceramics based on nanoparticles with enhanced magnetic,[5] magnetoelectric,[6] piezoelectric,[7] thermoelectric,[8] optical [9] or biomedical [10] properties. SPS is also used for sintering of Carbon Nanotubes [11] for development of field electron emission electrodes. Functioning of SPS systems is schematically explained in a video link.[12] While the term "spark plasma sintering" is commonly used, the term is misleading since neither a spark nor a plasma is present in the process.[13] It has been experimentally verified that densification is facilitated by the use of a current.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 04:58

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:00

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:04

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:09

In response The Mac to his Publication

"The main characteristic of SPS is that the pulsed or unpulsed DC or AC current directly passes through the graphite die"

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:11

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:14

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:15

In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:16

In response The Mac to his Publication

Abstract:
An ionizer having a pair of electrodes for generating ions by corona discharge when a pulsed DC voltage is applied thereto, wherein each electrode is covered with a microporous glass tube. Release of fine particles is thereby substantially eliminated, the generation of ions not being decreased.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:18

In response The Mac to his Publication

ionizer
/ˈʌɪənʌɪzə/

noun
a device which produces ionization, especially one used to improve the quality of the air in a room.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:19

In response The Mac to his Publication

plasma, in physics, an electrically conducting medium in which there are roughly equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles, produced when the atoms in a gas become ionized. It is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from the solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:24

In response The Mac to his Publication

Ionization by collision occurs in gases at low pressures when an electric current is passed through them.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:26

In response The Mac to his Publication

The process in which an electron is given enough energy to break away from an atom is called ionisation.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:29

In response The Mac to his Publication

Resonance-ionization spectroscopy (RIS) is an extremely sensitive and highly selective analytical measurement method. It employs lasers to eject electrons from selected types of atoms or molecules, splitting the neutral species into a positive ion and a free electron with a negative charge.

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:31

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://www.britannica.com...

spectroscopy - Resonance-ionization spectroscopy | Britannica

spectroscopy - spectroscopy - Resonance-ionization spectroscopy: Resonance-ionization spectroscopy (RIS) is an extremely sensitive and highly selective analytical measurement method. It employs lasers to eject electrons from selected types of atoms or molecules, splitting the neutral species into a ..

https://www.britannica.com/science/spectroscopy/Resonance-ionization-spectroscopy

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:33

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://www.asc.ohio-state...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:36

In response The Mac to his Publication

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312...

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The Mac @TheMac

11 December, 05:41

In response The Mac to his Publication

Hot carrier injection (HCI) is a phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices where an electron or a “hole” gains sufficient kinetic energy to overcome a potential barrier necessary to break an interface state. The term "hot" refers to the effective temperature used to model carrier density, not to the overall temperature of the device. Since the charge carriers can become trapped in the gate dielectric of a MOS transistor, the switching characteristics of the transistor can be permanently changed. Hot-carrier injection is one of the mechanisms that adversely affects the reliability of semiconductors of solid-state devices.