tumour
/ˈtjuːmə/
noun: tumor
a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant.

cancerous growth
malignant growth
cancer
malignancy
lump
growth
swelling
carcinoma
sarcoma
melanoma
lymphoma
myeloma
neoplasm
metastasis
neurofibroma
teratoma
fibroadenoma
meningioma

Oxidative stress induced by engineered NP is due to acellular factors such as particle surface, size, composition, and presence of metals, while cellular responses such as mitochondrial respiration, NP-cell interaction, and immune cell activation are responsible for ROS-mediated damage. NP-induced oxidative stress responses are torch bearers for further pathophysiological effects including genotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis as demonstrated by activation of associated cell signaling pathways. Since oxidative stress is a key determinant of NP-induced injury, it is necessary to characterize the ROS response resulting from NP. Through physicochemical characterization and understanding of the multiple signaling cascades activated by NP-induced ROS, a systemic toxicity screen with oxidative stress as a predictive model for NP-induced injury can be developed.