How many people know that viruses aren't alive??

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An automated procedure was developed to determine the geometrical and chemical interactions of crystalline virus particles using the crystal parameters, particle position, orientation, and atomic coordinates for an icosahedral asymmetric unit.

Two applications of the program are reported: (1) An analysis of a novelpseudo-rhombohedral (R32) symmetry present in the monoclinic crystal lattices of both Nodamura Virus (NOV) and Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3). The study shows that in both cases the interactions between particles is substantially increased by minor deviations from exact R32 symmetry and that only particles with the proper ratio of dimensions along twofold and fivefold symmetry axes (such as southern bean mosaic virus) can achieve comparable buried surface area in the true R32 space group.

(2) An attempt was made to correlate biological function with remarkably conserved interparticle contact regions found in different crystal forms of three members of the nodavirus family, NOV, Flock House Virus (FHV), and Black Beetle Virus (BBV). Mutational evidence implicates the quasi-threefold region on the viral surface in receptor binding in nodaviruses and this region is dominant in particle contacts in all three virus crystals.

Examination of particle contacts in numerous crystal structures of viruses in the picornavirus superfamily showed that portions of the capsid surface known to interact with a receptor or serve as an epitope for monoclonal antibodies frequently stabilize crystal contacts.

A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes.

chloroplast; plural noun: chloroplasts
a plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.