What good is a mask unless it is a photomask?

...as the vaccine is activated through the eyes?

Bastards.

woukd ray bans help??

Red glassess???

Blackbody radiation refers to the spectrum of light emitted by any heated object; common examples include the heating element of a toaster and the filament of a light bulb.

A black body or blackbody is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. The name "black body" is given because it absorbs all colors of light. A black body also emits black-body radiation.

The quantum annealing process runs, the barrier is raised, and this turns the energy diagram into what is known as a double-well potential (b). Here, the low point of the left valley corresponds to the 0 state, and the low point of the right valley corresponds to the 1 state.

Lattice gauge theory is an essential tool for strongly interacting non-Abelian fields, such as those in quantum chromodynamics where lattice results have been of central importance for several decades. Recent studies suggest that quantum computers could extend the reach of lattice gauge theory in dramatic ways, but the usefulness of quantum annealing hardware for lattice gauge theory has not yet been explored. In this work, we implement SU(2) pure gauge theory on a quantum annealer for lattices comprising a few plaquettes in a row with a periodic boundary condition. These plaquettes are in two spatial dimensions and calculations use the Hamiltonian formulation where time is not discretized. Numerical results are obtained from calculations on D-Wave Advantage hardware for eigenvalues, eigenvectors, vacuum expectation values, and time evolution.

The success of this initial exploration indicates that the quantum annealer might become a useful hardware platform for some aspects of lattice gauge theories.

Quantum annealing starts from a quantum-mechanical superposition of all possible states (candidate states) with equal weights. Then the system evolves following the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, a natural quantum-mechanical evolution of physical systems. The amplitudes of all candidate states keep changing, realizing a quantum parallelism, according to the time-dependent strength of the transverse field, which causes quantum tunneling between states. If the rate of change of the transverse field is slow enough, the system stays close to the ground state of the instantaneous Hamiltonian (also see adiabatic quantum computation).[6]

If the rate of change of the transverse field is accelerated, the system may leave the ground state temporarily but produce a higher likelihood of concluding in the ground state of the final problem Hamiltonian, i.e., diabatic quantum computation.[7][8] The transverse field is finally switched off, and the system is expected to have reached the ground state of the classical Ising model that corresponds to the solution to the original optimization problem. An experimental demonstration of the success of quantum annealing for random magnets was reported immediately after the initial theoretical proposal.[9]

Quantum Annealing (blue line) efficiently traverses energy landscapes by leveraging quantum tunneling to find the global minimum. Quantum annealing offers a significant performance advantage over Simulated Annealing (magenta line), unlocking the potential to solve massive optimization problems previously thought to be impossible.

One of the main differences between classical computers and quantum computers is the use of the qubit. The computers we are accustomed to use bits, which is a binary digit that can either have a value of 0 or 1. A qubit can be any two level quantum system, such as a spin in a magnetic field or a single photon. Similar to a bit, a qubit has a possible value of 0 or 1. However, in the quantum world a qubit can be in both states at once (superposition).

The wikipedia definition of quantum superposition states, “any two (or more) quantum states can be added together (“superposed”) and the result will be another valid quantum state; and conversely, that every quantum state can be represented as a sum of two or more other distinct states”. The two states in this definition for the qubit are the 0 or 1 values a normal bit can also have. Basically, before a qubit is observed it is in a superposition of probabilities for 0 and 1. A great example to help explain this is to picture a coin being flipped vs a coin being spun. If you flip a coin it will land on either heads or tails (bit). However, while a coin is spinning you can say the coin’s state is both heads and tails at the same time (qubit). The catch is that once a qubit is observed it will take of the state of either 1 or 0. The video below does a much better job explaining how a qubit works and helps explain superposition.

The thermal radiation of small conducting particles was investigated in the region where the Stephan-Boltzmann law is not valid and strongly overestimates radiation losses. The new criterion for the particle size, at which black body radiation law fails, was formulated. The critical radius rc is expressed through a combination of temperature T and particle conductivity σ: thus rc = c(ћ/2πσkT)1/2. The approach is based on the magnetic particle polarization, which is valid until very small sizes (cluster size) where due to drop of particle conductivity the electric polarization prevails over the magnetic one. It was also shown that the radiation power of clusters, estimated on the basis of the experimental data, is lower than that given by the Stephan-Boltzmann law.

In the last years the amount of research in the field of nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanosystems tremendously increased [1]. One of the most important trends in the nanotechnology is obtaining and using of nanopowders, which can be used in metallurgy, microelectronics, and medicine and food industry. Production and processing of nanopowders are frequently dealt with heating of nanoparticles to high temperatures when intensive thermal radiation can be expected.
The problem is close related to dust plasma [2], and to the role of dust in fusion devices [3], where micro- and nano- particles are heated to high temperatures and radiation energy losses can play decisive role in the energy balance of the particles. The effect of metal clusters on emission spectra was discussed in [4].

1

The black body radiation cannot be used for the calculation of nanoparticle energy balance, because for the particles smaller than radiation wavelength the Stephan-Boltzmann formula gives far overestimated results.

Thermal radiation of conducting nanoparticles
Yu.V.Martynenko, L.I.Ognev
Nuclear Fusion Institute, Russian Research Center “Kurchatov Insitute”, 123182, Moscow, Kurchatov sq., 1

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles in matter. Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charges in the material is converted to electromagnetic radiation. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation

"Thermal radiation is generated

when heat from the movement of charges

in the material

is converted

to electromagnetic radiation"

Moving charges are in fact the source of magnetic fields, whether charges moving deep inside a bar magnet or the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire. But moving charges are also affected by external magnetic fields. When you send a charge through a field created by something else, it will feel a force.

A metamaterial (from the Greek word μετά meta, meaning "beyond" or "after", and the Latin word materia, meaning "matter" or "material") is any material engineered to have a property that is not found in naturally occurring materials.[3] They are made from assemblies of multiple elements fashioned from composite materials such as metals and plastics. The materials are usually arranged in repeating patterns, at scales that are smaller than the wavelengths of the phenomena they influence. Metamaterials derive their properties not from the properties of the base materials, but from their newly designed structures. Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement gives them their smart properties capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials.

A superlens, or super lens, is a lens which uses metamaterials to go beyond the diffraction limit. For example, in 1995, Guerra[1] combined a transparent grating having 50nm lines and spaces (the "metamaterial") with a conventional microscope immersion objective. The resulting "superlens" resolved a silicon sample also having 50nm lines and spaces, far beyond the classical diffraction limit imposed by the illumination having 650nm wavelength in air. The diffraction limit is a feature of conventional lenses and microscopes that limits the fineness of their resolution depending on the illumination wavelength and the numerical aperture NA of the objective lens. Many lens designs have been proposed that go beyond the diffraction limit in some way, but constraints and obstacles face each of them.[2]

In 1873 Ernst Abbe reported that conventional lenses are incapable of capturing some fine details of any given image. The super lens is intended to capture such details. The limitation of conventional lenses has inhibited progress in the biological sciences. This is because a virus or DNA molecule cannot be resolved with the highest powered conventional microscopes. This limitation extends to the minute processes of cellular proteins moving alongside microtubules of a living cell in their natural environments. Additionally, computer chips and the interrelated microelectronics continue to be manufactured to smaller and smaller scales. This requires specialized optical equipment, which is also limited because these use conventional lenses. Hence, the principles governing a super lens show that it has potential for imaging DNA molecules, cellular protein processes, and aiding in the manufacture of even smaller computer chips and microelectronics.[3][4][5][6]

Furthermore, conventional lenses capture only the propagating light waves. These are waves that travel from a light source or an object to a lens, or the human eye. This can alternatively be studied as the far field. In contrast, a superlens captures propagating light waves and waves that stay on top of the surface of an object, which, alternatively, can be studied as both the far field and the near field.[7][8]

In the early 20th century the term "superlens" was used by Dennis Gabor to describe something quite different: a compound lenslet array system.[9]

Photosensitive epilepsy is when seizures are triggered by flashing lights or contrasting light and dark patterns.

The word seizure is derived from the Greek meaning “to take hold.”

ray
/reɪ/
MUSIC
noun: re
(in tonic sol-fa) the second note of a major scale.
the note D in the fixed-doh system.
Origin

Middle English re, representing (as an arbitrary name for the note) the first syllable of resonare, taken from a Latin hymn (see solmization).