The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:26
Can a quantum bit superposition be in two off positional states at once?

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:32
In response The Mac to his Publication
A MIRRORING

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:38
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AN EYE FOR AN EYE

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:39
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The number of generated electron-hole pairs is proportional to the number of absorbed photons. Since the energy of each photon is ħω, the generation rate is given by: (6.27) where Qe is equal to the average number of electron-hole pairs produced by one photon.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:41
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In chemistry, an electron pair or Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins. Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:42
In response The Mac to his Publication
electron pair

noun
plural noun: electron pairs
1.
CHEMISTRY
two electrons occupying the same orbital in an atom or molecule.
2.
PHYSICS
an electron and a positron produced in a high-energy reaction.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:43
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positron
/ˈpɒzɪtrɒn/

nounPHYSICS
a subatomic particle with the same mass as an electron and a numerically equal but positive charge.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:44
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Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:45
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Electropositivity can be defined as the tendency of an atom to donate electrons to form positively charged cations. The property to form positively charged cations is most probably exhibited by the metallic elements in the periodic table, especially the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:46
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When an X-ray photon is absorbed by an atom or molecule, it usually knocks out one of the electrons from deep inside the atom through a process called photoionization or, more specifically, inner-shell photoionization. This process leaves behind a core-excited atom or molecule that will decay further.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:51
In response The Mac to his Publication
(screen grabbed)

Are photoionization from ground and recombination to ground consider a reversible processes in the thermodynamic sense?

Ignoring any quantum broadening effects, consider a closed system of one Hydrogen and one ionizing photon. The photon could ionize the atom, which would later recombine emitting the same energy photon that was absorbed. This seems to be a cycle that ends in the same state, therefore I'm guessing each ionization and recombination must be reversible processes.

Now recombinations do not always end up in the ground state. Then the recombination to a different level other than ground would lead to a cascade that would result in at a minimum of two photons, with at most only one of ionizing energy. Given enough time and repetition of recombining to a state other than ground there will eventually be no ionizing photon.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:52
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Since photons have zero chemical potential, this doesn't necessarily mean the system is in a different state does it? Just interestingly the system can no longer perform this process.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:53
In response The Mac to his Publication
If this single atom case is reversible, are the same processes in a system of multiple atoms and photons reversible? This seems different since now the atoms can thermalize amongst each other. Imagine the gas is initially at a lower temperature than the photon gas, then given enough time the two gases will equilibrate. As before eventually there will be no more ionizing photons and you could not reverse the gas back to its original state of being colder than the photon gas. It seems the gas is then in a state which cannot be taken back to it's initial state.

If the system is both the photon and gas is this necessarily a different state? Did I pull a slight of hand, and the problem with this scenario is that the collisions were the irreversible process, not the ionization and recombinations themselves?

asked
Aug 15 '17 at 5:53

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:54
In response The Mac to his Publication
1 Answer
order by
Up vote
1
I think your question is somewhat ill defined, and you need to understand that the word process has different meanings in different contexts. The thermodynamic process implies some interaction between two systems, while in unitary, Schrödinger equation like dynamics, it usually mean transitions between states as considered when drawing Feynman diagrams.

If you're considering a closed system as you describe at the beginning of your question you must consider to photon bath as part of your closed system which is a bit unnatural in my eyes.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:55
In response The Mac to his Publication
🙂

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:55
In response The Mac to his Publication
Closed System Approach

None the less, in such a case, indeed after enough time (which is usually termed the recurrence time if I'm not mistaken), a photon will be emitted and the system will return to its original state. However I wouldn't call it a thermodynamic process. This is just unitary evolution according to Schrödinger equation. Since these dynamics are Hamiltonian they're inherently energy conserving which may look to you like reversibility. However the notion of reversibility is meaningless as there are no baths which interact in any way, and there are no thermodynamics.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:56
In response The Mac to his Publication
👉🏻The reverse process can occur exactly how it happened in the forward direction: if your atom emitted one photon, then another, it may absorb the second and then the first photon and end up in the original state. – Ruslan Aug 15 '17 at 6:09

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 01:57
In response The Mac to his Publication
😉

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:00
In response The Mac to his Publication
Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:01
In response The Mac to his Publication
Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.[1] As well as atoms and molecules, the empty space of the vacuum has these properties. According to quantum field theory, the universe can be thought of not as isolated particles but continuous fluctuating fields: matter fields, whose quanta are fermions (i.e., leptons and quarks), and force fields, whose quanta are bosons (e.g., photons and gluons). All these fields have zero-point energy.[2] These fluctuating zero-point fields lead to a kind of reintroduction of an aether in physics,[1][3] since some systems can detect the existence of this energy; however, this aether cannot be thought of as a physical medium if it is to be Lorentz invariant such that there is no contradiction with Einstein's theory of special relativity.[1]

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:04
In response The Mac to his Publication
Physics currently lacks a full theoretical model for understanding zero-point energy; in particular, the discrepancy between theorized and observed vacuum energy is a source of major contention.[4] Physicists Richard Feynman and John Wheeler calculated the zero-point radiation of the vacuum to be an order of magnitude greater than nuclear energy, with a single light bulb containing enough energy to boil all the world's oceans.[5] Yet according to Einstein's theory of general relativity, any such energy would gravitate and the experimental evidence from both the expansion of the universe, dark energy and the Casimir effect shows any such energy to be exceptionally weak. A popular proposal that attempts to address this issue is to say that the fermion field has a negative zero-point energy, while the boson field has positive zero-point energy and thus these energies somehow cancel each other out.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:04
In response The Mac to his Publication
[6][7] This idea would be true if supersymmetry were an exact symmetry of nature; however, the LHC at CERN has so far found no evidence to support it. Moreover, it is known that if supersymmetry is valid at all, it is at most a broken symmetry, only true at very high energies, and no one has been able to show a theory where zero-point cancellations occur in the low energy universe we observe today.[7] This discrepancy is known as the cosmological constant problem and it is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in physics. Many physicists believe that "the vacuum holds the key to a full understanding of nature".[8]

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:08
In response The Mac to his Publication
By the definition of vacuum, the temperature must be zero. But according to the third law of thermodynamics, there can't be zero temperature. Therefore, it can be said that there is no perfect vacuum, and if there is a perfect vacuum, then the temperature would be zero.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:19
In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:22
In response The Mac to his Publication
Vacuum, space in which there is no matter or in which the pressure is so low that any particles in the space do not affect any processes being carried on there. .

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:23
In response The Mac to his Publication
Laser cooling includes a number of techniques in which atomic and molecular samples are cooled down to near absolute zero. Laser cooling techniques rely on the fact that when an object (usually an atom) absorbs and re-emits a photon (a particle of light) its momentum changes.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:24
In response The Mac to his Publication
🙏🏻❤️

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:29
In response The Mac to his Publication
Magnetic dipole, generally a tiny magnet of microscopic to subatomic dimensions, equivalent to a flow of electric charge around a loop. Electrons circulating around atomic nuclei, electrons spinning on their axes, and rotating positively charged atomic nuclei all are magnetic dipoles.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:30
In response The Mac to his Publication
Instead, on one surface the dipole heads create a positive surface charge, while at the opposite surface the dipole tails create a negative surface charge. These two opposite surface charges create a net electric field in a direction opposite to the direction of the dipoles.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:31
In response The Mac to his Publication
The electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system, that is, a measure of the system's overall polarity.

The magnetic moment is the magnetic strength and orientation of a magnet or other object that produces a magnetic field.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:35
In response The Mac to his Publication
electric = seperation of charge/paired

magnetic = no magnetic field/magnetic field

let’s roll... hit the lights.

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:37
In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:40
In response The Mac to his Publication
A M P
L I T
U
D E

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:42
In response The Mac to his Publication
AMP
LI
TU
DE

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:43
In response The Mac to his Publication
AM
PLI
TU
DE

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:45
In response The Mac to his Publication
D
I
POLE

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:46
In response The Mac to his Publication
I’ve done my bit.

🕯

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:50
In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:53
In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:56
In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 02:59
In response The Mac to his Publication

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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:04
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:07
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:07
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:09
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:11
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:13
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:15
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:17
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:20
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:22
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:22
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:23
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The Mac @TheMac
02 July, 03:24
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newbeginnings164 Discrete @newbeginnings164
02 July, 03:59
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😁🤓me thinking

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