In these past 3 years, since that article was published, two intravenously administered nanoparticles have been FDA and EMA approved,

Cooke obtained a pharmacy degree at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland in 1982, following which she remained at Trinity to complete Masters degrees in Science and in Business Administration [3]

Starting in 1985, she held various positions in the pharmaceutical industry and from 1991 to 1998 she was a board member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), a lobbying organisation of the largest European pharmaceutical companies.[4][5] There she spent eight years lobbying for the "Big 30" of the European pharmaceutical industry, including Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Johnson & Johnson.[6]

She was appointed as Head of Regulation of Medicines and other Health Technologies with the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016,.[3] In November 2020 she was appointed Executive Director of the EMA,[1] also taking the position of chairperson at the International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities (ICMRA) at the same time.[2]

On 16 March 2021, Cooke led an EMA press conference to inform about the ongoing investigation into reports of side-effects related to the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. Cooke said the EMA remains "firmly convinced" that the vaccine benefits outweigh the risks of potential side effects.

A root cause is defined as a factor that caused a nonconformance and should be permanently eliminated through process improvement. The root cause is the core issue—the highest-level cause—that sets in motion the entire cause-and-effect reaction that ultimately leads to the problem(s).

Relative directions of the external electric field E and the projection e of the THz radiation polarization vector onto the quantum ring's plane.

Did the virus resonate in the THz frequency by any chance?

We study theoretically the quantum states of two interacting excitons in coaxial double quantum rings. An interplay between exciton–exciton Coulomb interactions and specific geometry of the structure leads to the emergence of peculiar energy spectrum of two exciton system. We develop a semi-analytic approach providing highly accurate energies of system in the wide range of values of geometrical parameters relevant to experimental realizations.
Keywords: quantum ring; exciton; Coulomb interactions

Generally, a source of light can be considered a point source if the resolution of the imaging instrument is too low to resolve the source's apparent size. There are two types and sources of light: a point source and an extended source.