The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:04
Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature?
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:08
In response The Mac to his Publication
The deep state are still going after Mr Trump?
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:10
In response The Mac to his Publication
In quantum computing, a qubit (/ˈkjuːbɪt/) or quantum bit (sometimes qbit[citation needed]) is the basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:11
In response The Mac to his Publication
Examples include: the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two states can be taken to be the vertical polarization and the horizontal polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of both states simultaneously, a property which is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:13
In response The Mac to his Publication
The deep still are still attempting to steal the souls of innocent children.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:14
In response The Mac to his Publication
Optical computing or photonic computing uses photons produced by lasers or diodes for computation. For decades, photons have shown promise to enable a higher bandwidth than the electrons used in conventional computers (see optical fibers).
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:15
In response The Mac to his Publication
Most research projects focus on replacing current computer components with optical equivalents, resulting in an optical digital computer system processing binary data. This approach appears to offer the best short-term prospects for commercial optical computing, since optical components could be integrated into traditional computers to produce an optical-electronic hybrid.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:16
In response The Mac to his Publication
However, optoelectronic devices consume 30% of their energy converting electronic energy into photons and back; this conversion also slows the transmission of messages. All-optical computers eliminate the need for optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversions, thus reducing electrical power consumption.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:16
In response The Mac to his Publication
Application-specific devices, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical correlators, have been designed to use the principles of optical computing. Correlators can be used, for example, to detect and track objects, and to classify serial time-domain optical data.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:18
In response The Mac to his Publication
The fundamental building block of modern electronic computers is the transistor. To replace electronic components with optical ones, an equivalent optical transistor is required. This is achieved using materials with a non-linear refractive index. In particular, materials exist where the intensity of incoming light affects the intensity of the light transmitted through the material in a similar manner to the current response of a bipolar transistor.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:19
In response The Mac to his Publication
Such an optical transistor can be used to create optical logic gates, which in turn are assembled into the higher level components of the computer's central processing unit (CPU). These will be nonlinear optical crystals used to manipulate light beams into controlling other light beams.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:22
In response The Mac to his Publication
Optical crystallography is the branch of science that focuses on the optical properties of crystals. Also known as crystal optics, it describes the behavior of light in anisotropic media, such as crystals, in which the light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is traveling.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:29
In response The Mac to his Publication
Other approaches that have been investigated include photonic logic at a molecular level, using photoluminescent chemicals. In a demonstration, Witlicki et al. performed logical operations using molecules and SERS.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:30
In response The Mac to his Publication
Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is light emission from any form of matter after the absorption of photons (electromagnetic radiation). It is one of many forms of luminescence (light emission) and is initiated by photoexcitation (i.e. photons that excite electrons to a higher energy level in an atom), hence the prefix photo-.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:30
In response The Mac to his Publication
Following excitation various relaxation processes typically occur in which other photons are re-radiated. Time periods between absorption and emission may vary: ranging from short femtosecond-regime for emission involving free-carrier plasma in inorganic semiconductors up to milliseconds for Phosphorescence processes in molecular systems; and under special circumstances delay of emission may even span to minutes or hours.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:31
In response The Mac to his Publication
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:38
In response The Mac to his Publication
Present research is the first example to use pillar[5]arene for creation fluorescein‐loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and release dye during interaction with DNA ‐ potential delivery system of the imaging agent. Monoamine functionalized pillar[5]arene was synthesized for preparation of the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) with/without luminescent marker (fluorescein).
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:38
In response The Mac to his Publication
Interestingly, presence of a single tail‐group in the pillar[5]arene has opened wide opportunities for the formation of the various types of pillararene‐based assemblies, i. e., pseudorotaxanes, supramolecular polymers and SLNs, varying the solvents.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:40
In response The Mac to his Publication
resorcinolphthalein (uncountable)
Fluorescein.
Fluorescein.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:42
In response The Mac to his Publication
Fluorescein is an organic compound and dye. It is available as a dark orange/red powder slightly soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer for many applications.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:44
In response The Mac to his Publication
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of luminescence. In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy, than the absorbed radiation.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:44
In response The Mac to his Publication
The most striking example of fluorescence occurs when the absorbed radiation is in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, and thus invisible to the human eye, while the emitted light is in the visible region, which gives the fluorescent substance a distinct color that can be seen only when exposed to UV light. Fluorescent materials cease to glow nearly immediately when the radiation source stops, unlike phosphorescent materials, which continue to emit light for some time after.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:46
In response The Mac to his Publication
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). There is only one phospholipid layer because the bulk of the interior of the particle is composed of lipohilic substance. Payloads such as modRNA, RNA vaccine or others can be embedded in the interior, as desired. Optionally, targeting-molecules such as antibodies, cell-targeting peptides, and/or other drug molecules can be bound to the exterior surface of the SLN.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:49
In response The Mac to his Publication
(1) In the most simple one, a strong fluorophore or fluorescent nanoparticles are internalized into cells so that they can be imaged. The only purpose of such fluorophores and nanomaterials is to render cells or tissue fluorescent.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:50
In response The Mac to his Publication
LNPs came to wider prominence in 2020, as some COVID-19 vaccines that use RNA vaccine technology coat the fragile mRNA strands with PEGylated lipid nanoparticles as their delivery vehicle (e.g MRNA-1273 from Moderna, and BNT162b2 from BioNTech/Pfizer)
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:54
In response The Mac to his Publication
In microwave and millimeter wave technology, beginning in the 1930s, researchers improved and miniaturized the crystal detector. Point contact diodes (crystal diodes) and Schottky diodes are used in radar, microwave and millimeter wave detectors.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 07:57
In response The Mac to his Publication
A crystal detector is an[1] electronic component used in some early 20th century radio receivers that consists of a piece of crystalline mineral which rectifies the alternating current radio signal and was employed as a detector (demodulator) to extract the audio modulation to produce the sound in the earphones.[2][3] It was the first type of semiconductor diode,[2][4] and one of the first semiconductor electronic devices.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:00
In response The Mac to his Publication
The "asymmetric conduction" of electric current across electrical contacts between a crystal and a metal was discovered in 1874 by Karl Ferdinand Braun.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:00
In response The Mac to his Publication
[7] Crystals were first used as radio wave detectors in 1894 by Jagadish Chandra Bose in his microwave experiments.[2][8][9] Bose first patented a crystal detector in 1901.[10] The crystal detector was developed into a practical radio component mainly by G. W. Pickard,[5][11][12] who began research on detector materials in 1902 and found hundreds of substances that could be used in forming rectifying junctions.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:01
In response The Mac to his Publication
[3][13] The physical principles by which they worked were not understood at the time they were used,[14] but subsequent research into these primitive point contact semiconductor junctions in the 1930s and 1940s led to the development of modern semiconductor electronics.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:02
In response The Mac to his Publication
Precision crystal detector with iron pyrite crystal, used in commercial wireless stations, 1914. The crystal is inside the metal capsule under the vertical needle (right). The leaf springs and thumbscrew allow fine adjustment of the pressure of the needle on the crystal.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:04
In response The Mac to his Publication
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins)[1] in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is derived from the Greek word πιέζειν; piezein, which means to squeeze or press, and ἤλεκτρον ēlektron, which means amber, an ancient source of electric charge.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:05
In response The Mac to his Publication
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in... DNA and various proteins?
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:08
In response The Mac to his Publication
Sound field of a non focusing 4 MHz ultrasonic transducer with a near field length of N = 67 mm in water. The plot shows the sound pressure at a logarithmic db-scale.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:09
In response The Mac to his Publication
Sound pressure field of the same ultrasonic transducer (4 MHz, N = 67 mm) with the transducer surface having a spherical curvature with the curvature radius R = 30 mm
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:10
In response The Mac to his Publication
Ultrasonic transducers convert AC into ultrasound, as well as the reverse. Ultrasonics, typically refers to piezoelectric transducers or capacitive transducers. Piezoelectric crystals change size and shape when a voltage is applied; AC voltage makes them oscillate at the same frequency and produce ultrasonic sound. Capacitive transducers use electrostatic fields between a conductive diaphragm and a backing plate.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:11
In response The Mac to his Publication
The beam pattern of a transducer can be determined by the active transducer area and shape, the ultrasound wavelength, and the sound velocity of the propagation medium. The diagrams show the sound fields of an unfocused and a focusing ultrasonic transducer in water, plainly at differing energy levels.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:11
In response The Mac to his Publication
Since piezoelectric materials generate a voltage when force is applied to them, they can also work as ultrasonic detectors. Some systems use separate transmitters and receivers, while others combine both functions into a single piezoelectric transceiver.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:12
In response The Mac to his Publication
Ultrasound transmitters can also use non-piezoelectric principles. such as magnetostriction. Materials with this property change size slightly when exposed to a magnetic field, and make practical transducers.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:12
In response The Mac to his Publication
A capacitor ("condenser") microphone has a thin diaphragm that responds to ultrasound waves. Changes in the electric field between the diaphragm and a closely spaced backing plate convert sound signals to electric currents, which can be amplified.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:13
In response The Mac to his Publication
The diaphragm (or membrane) principle is also used in the relatively new micro-machined ultrasonic transducers (MUTs). These devices are fabricated using silicon micro-machining technology (MEMS technology), which is particularly useful for the fabrication of transducer arrays.
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The vibration of the diaphragm may be measured or induced electronically using the capacitance between the diaphragm and a closely spaced backing plate (CMUT), or by adding a thin layer of piezo-electric material on diaphragm (PMUT). Alternatively, recent research showed that the vibration of the diaphragm may be measured by a tiny optical ring resonator integrated inside the diaphragm (OMUS).
Ultrasonic Transducers are also used in acoustic levitation.
Ultrasonic Transducers are also used in acoustic levitation.
08:14 AM - Feb 25, 2021
In response The Mac to his Publication
Only people mentioned by TheMac in this post can reply
The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:16
In response The Mac to his Publication
Medical ultrasonic transducers (probes) come in a variety of different shapes and sizes for use in making cross-sectional images of various parts of the body. The transducer may used in contact with the skin, as in fetal ultrasound imaging, or inserted into a body opening such as the rectum or vagina. Clinicians who perform ultrasound-guided procedures often use a probe positioning system to hold the ultrasonic transducer.
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The Mac
@TheMac
25 February, 08:25
In response The Mac to his Publication
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